The Iceberg Model: Understanding Reported vs. Unreported Data #142028 (License: Personal Use)

This schematic iceberg illustrates the common concept that only a small fraction of incidents, data, or issues are formally reported-visible above the surface-while the majority remain unreported and hidden beneath. Used widely in fields like safety management, epidemiology, and data science, it emphasizes the need to infer or estimate the full scope from limited observable evidence. The jagged outline reinforces that the unseen portion is not uniform but complex and variable.

This image is typically used in educational, analytical, or risk-assessment contexts-such as workplace safety training, public health reports, or data literacy guides-to convey the limitation of relying solely on reported metrics. It matches user intent seeking conceptual clarity on hidden data, underreporting bias, or root-cause analysis.