Umayyad Caliphate Map - Peak Territorial Extent in the 8th Century #1881226 (License: Personal Use)

The map depicts the Umayyad Caliphate at its zenith under Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, stretching from al-Andalus (modern Spain/Portugal) across North Africa, the Levant, Arabia, Persia, and into parts of Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Distinct colors denote administrative divisions, client states, and contested borderlands, while black areas indicate non-Muslim or unconquered territories such as Nubia and the Byzantine heartland. Key geographic markers-including the Nile River, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf-emphasize strategic trade and military corridors.

Used in educational resources, history textbooks, museum exhibits, and academic articles on early Islamic expansion; serves users seeking visual context for political geography, military campaigns, or cultural diffusion during the 7th-8th centuries.