Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes: Passive and Active Mechanisms #1952498 (License: Personal Use)

The image shows a phospholipid bilayer with embedded transmembrane proteins-including green and blue channel/pump proteins and a purple carrier-facilitating ion transport. Green and blue spheres represent different ion types moving down or against their concentration gradients, with positive (+) and negative (-) signs indicating membrane potential polarity. The top panel illustrates outward ion flow under depolarization, while the bottom shows inward flow during hyperpolarization or active transport.

Used in educational biology resources, physiology textbooks, or medical training modules to explain cellular electrophysiology, nerve impulse conduction, and membrane transport mechanisms; targets students and professionals seeking conceptual clarity on ion dynamics.