The Ladder of Inference: How We Move from Data to Action #3263568 (License: Personal Use)

This diagram depicts the Ladder of Inference, a model developed by Chris Argyris and Donald Schön, showing how individuals move from observable data to actions through layers of selection, interpretation, and assumption. Starting at the base with a "Pool of data", the rungs ascend through Observations, Selected data, Meanings, Assumptions, Conclusions, Beliefs, and finally Actions-highlighting where bias and misinterpretation often creep in.

Used in leadership training, organizational psychology, and critical thinking resources to teach reflective practice and improve communication; matches user intent seeking frameworks for better decision-making or team alignment.